Ayesha Jalal

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Established as a homeland for India’s Muslims in 1947, Pakistan has had a tumultuous history. Beset by assassinations, coups, ethnic strife, and the breakaway of Bangladesh in 1971, the country has found itself too often contending with religious extremism and military authoritarianism. No..

Established as a homeland for India’s Muslims in 1947, Pakistan has had a tumultuous history. Beset by assassinations, coups, ethnic strife, and the breakaway of Bangladesh in 1971, the country has found itself too often contending with religious extremism and military authoritarianism. No..

The idea of jihad is central to Islamic faith and ethics, yet its meanings have been highly contested over time. They have ranged from the philosoph-ical struggle to live an ethical life to the political injunction to wage war against enemies of Islam. Today more than ever, jihad signifies the polit..